Consenso académico de prácticas de impacto de la lactancia en Colombia
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Introducción: La Sociedad Colombiana de Pediatría y la Asociación Colombiana de Nutrición Clínica reúne especialistas con el objetivo de llegar a acuerdos nacionales sobre tópicos relevantes y controversiales en lactancia, los cuales impactan el desarrollo y crecimiento de la población infantil.
Metodología: El grupo formuló 53 declaraciones controversiales tras una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura reciente. El panel contó con 44 especialistas de quince agremiaciones científicas y entidades no gubernamentales, destacando su enfoque multidisciplinario y representación regional. El proceso Delphi se realizó en una plataforma ad-hoc, con discusiones en línea. Los panelistas calificaron las declaraciones anónimamente en escala Likert de cinco puntos, estableciendo un consenso a priori del 85% de coincidencias. Cada participante justificó sus respuestas y se utilizó el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para evaluar la consistencia interna, fijando en > 0,80 el criterio para la ronda final de consenso.
Resultados: Se realizaron dos rondas de discusión. El total de declaraciones alcanzó más del 85 % de consenso, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0.95.
Conclusiones: La evidencia científica respalda los beneficios de la lactancia, aunque persisten controversias. Este consenso brinda al profesional más herramientas para ayudar a las familias a tomar decisiones informadas. El uso del método Delphi en tiempo real permite la participación de expertos de todas las regiones del país con un análisis de datos objetivo y confiable. Estos resultados sientan una base de discusión para el análisis y soporte a las prácticas de lactancia materna en Colombia.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Licencia Creative Commons
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
Usted es libre de:
Compartir - copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato.
Adaptar - remezclar, transformar y construir a partir del material
La licencia no puede revocar estas libertades en tanto se sigan los términos de la licencia.
- Atribución — Usted debe dar crédito de manera adecuada, brindar un enlace a la licencia, e indicar si se han efectuado cambios. Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que usted o su uso tienen el apoyo del licenciante.
- NoComercial — Usted no puede hacer uso del material con propósitos comerciales.
- CompartirIgual— Si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, debe distribuir su contribución bajo la misma licencia del original.
- No hay restricciones adicionales — No puede aplicar términos legales ni medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otras a hacer cualquier uso permitido por la licencia.
Citas
Jack A, Mullin C, Brown E, Burtner M, Standish KR, Fields A, et al Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocol #19: Breastfeeding Promotion in the Prenatal Period (Revised 2024). Breastfeed Med. 2024 Aug;19(8):575-587. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0203. PMID: 39186728.
Schanler, R. J. (Ed.). Breastfeeding Handbook for Physicians (3rd ed.).2023. American Academy of Pediatrics.
Organización Mundial de la Salud.Código Internacional de Comercialización de Sucedáneos de la Leche Materna. Ginebra (1981). Available from: https://www.who.int/es/publications/i/item/9241541601
Decreto 1397 de 1992. Por el cual se promueve la lactancia materna, se reglamenta la comercialización y publicidad de los alimentos de fórmula para lactantes y complementarios de la leche materna y se dictan otras disposiciones. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/INEC/IGUB/decreto-1397-de-1992.pdf
Fewtrell, M., Bandsma, R. H. J., Baur, L., Duggan, C. P., Dumrongwongsiri, O., Hojsak, I.,et al. Role of Pediatricians in Promoting and Supporting Breastfeeding: A Position Paper of the International Pediatric Association Strategic Advisory Group on Infant, Child, and Adolescent Nutrition. Ann Nutr Metab. 2023 79(6), 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1159/000534004
Ley 2361 de 2024. Por medio del cual se otorgan lineamientos para la creación de la política pública de lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria y la promoción de los bancos de leche humana como componente anatómico. 14 de junio de 2024 en: https://consultorsalud.com/ley-2361-2024-polit-lactancia-materna-col/
Naciones Unidas. Informe de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Edición Especial [INTERNET]. United Nations Publications, 2023. Cited September 17 2024. Available from: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/hunger/
JuC Gnatzy T, Warth J, von der Gracht H et al. Validating an innovative real-time Delphi approach - A methodological comparison between real-time and conventional Delphi studies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2011;78(9):1681-1694.
Nasa P, Jain R, Juneja D. Delphi methodology in healthcare research: How to decide its appropriateness. World J Methodol. 2021 Jul 20;11(4):116-129. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v11.i4.116. PMID: 34322364; PMCID: PMC8299905.
Niederberger M. , Spranger J. Delphi Technique in Health Sciences: A Map.Front Public Health.. 2020. Vol 8 .DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00457. ISSN=2296-2565 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00457/full
Taber, K.S. The Use of Cronbach's Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Res Sci Educ,2018, 48, 1273–1296
Rollins, N., Piwoz, E., Baker, P., Kingston, G., Mabaso, K. M., McCoy, D., et al. Lancet Breastfeeding Series Group. Marketing of commercial milk formula: a system to capture parents, communities, science, and policy. Lancet (London, England). 2023 401(10375), 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01931-6
Pérez-Escamilla, R., Tomori, C., Hernández-Cordero, S., Baker, P., Barros, A. J. D., Bégin, F., et al. Lancet Breastfeeding Series Group. Breastfeeding: crucially important, but increasingly challenged in a market-driven world. Lancet (London, England). 2023 401(10375), 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01932-8
Cheung KY, Petrou L, Helfer B, Porubayeva E, Dolgikh E, Ali S, et al. Health and nutrition claims for infant formula: international cross sectional survey. BMJ. 2023 Feb 15;380:e071075. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071075. PMID: 36792145; PMCID: PMC9930154.
D'Hollander, C. J., McCredie, V. A., Uleryk, E. M., Keown-Stoneman, C. D. G., Birken, C. S., O'Connor, D. L.,et al. Breastfeeding support provided by lactation consultants in high-income countries for improved breastfeeding rates, self-efficacy, and infant growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Systematic reviews. 2023 12(1), 75.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-023-02239-9.
Gavine, A., Shinwell, S. C., Buchanan, P., Farre, A., Wade, A., Lynn, F., et al. Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 10(10), CD001141.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub6…
Meek,J.Y., Lawrence Noble. Section on Breastfeeding; Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics. July 2022 150 (1): e2022057988. 10.1542/peds.2022-057988
Kaya Ö, Tecik S, Suzan ÖK, Kabul F, Koyuncu O, Çınar N. The effect of interventions on flat and inverted nipple on breastfeeding: A systematic review. J Pediatr Nurs. 2024 Jan-Feb;74:e1-e13. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.07.024. Epub 2023 Aug 8. PMID: 37558567
Forster, D. A., Moorhead, A. M., Jacobs, S. E., Davis, P. G., Walker, S. P., McEgan, K. M. Advising women with diabetes in pregnancy to express breastmilk in late pregnancy (Diabetes and Antenatal Milk Expressing [DAME]): a multicentre, unblinded, randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2017 389(10085), 2204–2213.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31373-9
Demirci JR, Glasser M, Himes KP, Sereika SM. Structured antenatal milk expression education for nulliparous pregnant people: results of a pilot, randomized controlled trial in the United States. Int Breastfeed J. 2022 Jul 7;17(1):50. doi: 10.1186/s13006-022-00491-8. PMID: 35799299; PMCID: PMC9261047.
Foudil-Bey, I., Murphy, M. S. Q., Dunn, S., Keely, E. J., & El-Chaâr, D. Evaluating antenatal breastmilk expression outcomes: a scoping review. Int Breastfeed J. 2021 16(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021-00371-
Chen J, Zhu XM, Huynh MNQ, McRae M. Breastfeeding Outcome and Complications in Females With Breast Implants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aesthet Surg J. 2023 Jun 14;43(7):731-740.
doi: 10.1093/asj/sjad027. PMID: 36752943
Kraut, R. Y., Brown, E., Korownyk, C., Katz, L. S., Vandermeer, B., Babenko, O.,et al. The impact of breast reduction surgery on breastfeeding: Systematic review of observational studies. PloS one. 2017 12(10), e0186591. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186591
Davanzo R. Controversies in Breastfeeding. Front Pediatr. 2018 Nov 1;6:278. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00278. PMID: 30443539; PMCID: PMC6221984.
Minh LHN, Tawfik GM, Ghozy S, Hashan MR, Nam NH, Linh LK, et al. Feto-Maternal Outcomes of Breastfeeding during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Trop Pediatr. 2021 Dec 8;67(6):fmab097. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmab097. PMID: 34962568.
Shenker, N. S., Perdones-Montero, A., Burke, A., Stickland, S., McDonald, J. A. K., & Cameron, S. J. S. Human Milk from Tandem Feeding Dyads Does Not Differ in Metabolite and Metataxonomic Features When Compared to Single Nursling Dyads under Six Months of Age. Metabolites. 2022 12(11), 1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111069
Rosenberg, G., Mangel, L., Mandel, D., Marom, R., & Lubetzky, R. Tandem Breastfeeding and Human Milk Macronutrients: A Prospective Observational Study. J Hum Lact. 2021 37(4), 723–729.
https://doi.org/10.1177/08903344211003827
Stalimerou, V., Dagla, M., Vivilaki, V., Orovou, E., Antoniou, E., & Iliadou, M. Breastfeeding During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Maedica (Bucur). 2023 18(3), 463–469.
https://doi.org/10.26574/maedica.2023.18.3.463
Lawrence R. Biochemistry of Human Milk. In: Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM. Eds. Breastfedding: A guide for the medical profession. 7 Edition. Philadelphia. Elsevier, Inc. 2022:93-144.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization, Implementation guidance on counseling Women to improve Breastfeeding Practices. New York. United Nations Children’s Fund. 2021. Available from: www.globalbreastfeedingcollective.org
Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre lactancia materna. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre lactancia materna. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad; Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias del País Vasco-OSTEBA, 2017. Guías de Práctica Clínica en el SNS
Feldman-Winter, L., Kellams, A., Peter-Wohl, S., Taylor, J. S., Lee, K. G., Terrell, M. J.,et al. Evidence-Based Updates on the First Week of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Infants ≥35 Weeks. Pediatrics. 2020 145(4), e20183696. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3696
Kellams A, Harrel C, Omage S, Gregory C, Rosen-Carole C. ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary Feedings in the Healthy Term Breastfed Neonate, Revised 2017. Breastfeed Med. 2017 May;12:188-198.
https://doi: 10.1089/bfm.2017.29038.ajk. Epub 2017 Mar 15. PMID: 28294631.
Ministerio de la Protección Social, OMS, OPS. Anexo 2. Lineamientos para la implementación y fortalecimiento de la estrategia IAMII, Instituciones Amigas de la Mujer y la Infancia Integral. Colombia. Noviembre de 2016. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/SNA/lineamientos-iami-2016.pdf
Resolución 3280 de 2018. Por medio de la cual se adoptan los lineamientos técnicos y operativos de la Ruta Integral de Atención para la Promoción y Mantenimiento de la Salud y la Ruta Integral de Atención en Salud para la Población Materno Perinatal y se establecen las directrices para su operación Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/DE/DIJ/resolucion-3280-de-2018.pdf)
Ley 2244 de 2022: parto digno y humanizado. Available from: http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_2244_2022.html )
Hoyt-Austin AE, Kair LR, Larson IA, Stehel EK; Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocol #2: Guidelines for Birth Hospitalization Discharge of Breastfeeding Dyads, Revised 2022. Breastfeed Med. 2022 Mar;17(3):197-206.
doi: 10.1089/bfm.2022.29203.aeh. PMID: 35302875; PMCID: PMC9206473.
Dennis, C. The Breastfeeding Self‐Efficacy Scale: Psychometric Assessment of the Short Form. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2003 32(6), 734–744. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884217503258459
Dennis, C.-L., & Faux, S. Development and Psychometric Testing of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale. Res Nurs Health. 1999 (Vol. 22).
Trujillo, A., Castro-Osorio, R., Maldonado-Avendaño, N. Traducción y validación de la Escala de Autoeficacia en Lactancia Materna bses-sf en población colombiana. 2024. Av Piscol Clin Latinonot, 42(1), 1-20. https:// doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.13013
Tuthill, E. L., McGrath, J. M., Graber, M., Cusson, R. M., & Young, S. L.. Breastfeeding Self-efficacy: A Critical Review of Available Instruments. J Hum Lact. 2016 (Vol. 32, Issue 1, pp. 35–45).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Proper Storage and Preparation of Breast Milk. Cited march 5 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/reclommendations/handling_breastmilk.htm#
Lozano, G. B., & Antón, B. F. Aspectos prácticos de la extracción, conservación y administración de leche materna en el hogar/Practical aspects of expressing, storing and handling breast milk in the home. Acta Pediatr Esp. 2016 74(7), E149.
Eglash, A., Simon, L., & Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. ABM Clinical Protocol #8: Human Milk Storage Information for Home Use for Full-Term Infants, Revised 2017. Breastfeed Med. 2017 12(7), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.29047.aje
Gao, C., Miller, J., Middleton, P. F., Huang, Y. C., McPhee, A. J., & Gibson, R. A. Changes to breast milk fatty acid composition during storage, handling and processing: A systematic review. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2019 146, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2019.04.008
Ministerio de la Protección Social, Acción Social, UNICEF, Programa Mundial de Alimentos, Ochoa Parra G. Manual para la extracción, conservación, transporte y suministro de la leche materna, para mujeres gestantes y madres en periodos de lactancia, agentes de salud y comunitarios. Colombia, 2014. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/SNA/Manual-extraccion-conservacion-leche-materna.pdf
Brahm, P., & Valdés, V. Beneficios de la lactancia materna y riesgos de no amamantar. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2017 88(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0370-41062017000100001
Feldman-Winter, L., Burnham, L., Grossman, X., Matlak, S., Chen, N., & Merewood, A. Weight gain in the first week of life predicts overweight at 2 years: A prospective cohort study. Matern Child Nutr. 2018 14(1), e12472.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12472
Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al.Lancet Breastfeeding Series Group. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016 Jan 30;387(10017):475-90.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7. PMID: 26869575.
OMS, UNICEF. Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services: implementing the revised Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative 2018. Ginebra, 2019)
Tolppola, O., Renko, M., Sankilampi, U., Kiviranta, P., Hintikka, L., & Kuitunen, I. Pacifier use and breastfeeding in term and preterm newborns-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2022 181(9), 3421–3428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-022-04559-9
Dos Santos, D. A., Giugliani, C., Bizon, A. M. B. L., & Justo Giugliani, E. R. Nipple shield use in the maternity ward increases risk of exclusive breastfeeding interruption in the first six months of infant's life. Midwifery. 2024 128, 103873.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2023.103873.
Coentro, V. S., Perrella, S. L., Lai, C. T., Rea, A., Murray, K., & Geddes, D. T. Effect of nipple shield use on milk removal: a mechanistic study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 20(1), 516. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03191-5
Chow, S., Chow, R., Popovic, M., Lam, H., Merrick, J., Ventegodt, S., et al. The Use of Nipple Shields: A Review. Front Public Health. 2015 3, 236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00236
Children’s Health Ireland. Guideline for the use of Nipple shields in CHI at Crumlin. Jan 2022. Available from: https://media.childrenshealthireland.ie/documents/breastfeeding-nipple-shields-2022.pdf
Hernández MT, Bartick M, Scherck P, Harrel C, Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. ABM Clinical Protocol #7. Model Maternity Policy Supportive of Breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med. 2018 Volume 13, Number 9 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.29110.mha
LeFort Y, Evans A, Livingstone V, Douglas P, Dahlquist N, Donnelly B, Leeper K, Harley E, Lappin S. Academy ofBreastfeeding Medicine Position Statement on Ankyloglossia in Breastfeeding Dyads. Breastfeed Med. 2021Apr;16(4):278-281. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2021.29179.ylf. PMID: 33852342.
Jacome Orozco , Álvaro L., Patiño Garnica, C. S., & Brito, C. Anquiloglosia, enfoque multidisciplinario: serie de casos. Pediatría. 2023, 55(4), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.14295/rp.v55i4.413
Knight, M., Ramakrishnan, R., Ratushnyak, S., Rivero-Arias, O., Bell, J., Bowler, U., et al.FROSTTIE Trial Collaborative Group. Frenotomy with breastfeeding support versus breastfeeding support alone for infants with tongue-tie and breastfeeding difficulties: the FROSTTIE RCT. Health technology assessment (Winchester, Engl) 2023 https://doi.org/10.3310/WBBW2302
Flaherman, V. J., Schaefer, E. W., Kuzniewicz, M. W., Li, S. X., Walsh, E. M., & Paul, I. M. Early weight loss nomograms for exclusively breastfed newborns. Pediatrics. 2015 135(1), e16–e23.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1532 161471
Jayaraj D, Rao S, Balachander B. Predisposing factors for excessive loss of weight in exclusively breastfed term and late preterm neonates - a case control study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Aug;35(16):3083-3088.
doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1808617. Epub 2020 Aug 30. PMID: 32862736.
Miller, J. R., Flaherman, V. J., Schaefer, E. W., Kuzniewicz, M. W., Li, S. X., Walsh, E. M.,et al. Early weight loss nomograms for formula fed newborns. Hosp pediatr. 2015 5(5), 263–268.
https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2014-0143
Penn State Health, Children's Hospital, Children’s Miracle Network Hospitals Newt - Newborn Weight Loss Tool. Cited Febr 2024. Available at: https://www.newbornweight.org/.
Sarmiento-Aguilar, A., Horta-Carpinteyro, D., & Prian-Gaudiano, A. Percentage of birth weight loss as a reference for the well-being of the exclusively breastfed newborn. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2022 79(6), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.24875/BMHIM.22000032
Giudicelli M, Hassler M, Blanc J, Zakarian C, Tosello B. Influence of intrapartum maternal fluids on weight loss in breastfed newborns. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Feb;35(4):692-698.
doi: 10.1080/14767058.202kddxfcxcx0.1731453. Epub 2020 Feb 20. PMID: 32079436.
National Guideline Alliance (UK). Faltering Growth – recognition and management. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2017 Sep. (NICE Guideline, No. 75.) 4, Weight loss in the early days of life. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536449
Miyoshi, Y., Suenaga, H., Aoki, M. et al. Determinants of excessive weight loss in breastfed full-term newborns at a baby-friendly hospital: a retrospective cohort study. Int Breastfeed J 15, 19 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-020-00263-2
Lavagno C, Camozzi P, Renzi S, Lava SA, Simonetti GD, Bianchetti MG, Milani GP. Breastfeeding-Associated Hypernatremia: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Hum Lact. 2016 Feb;32(1):67-74.
doi: 10.1177/0890334415613079. Epub 2015 Nov 3. PMID: 26530059.
Arora I, Juneja H, Bhandekar H, Chandankhede M. Neonatal hypernatremic dehydration in breastfed neonates: a prospective study unmasking the influences of breastfeeding practices and early weight monitoring. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2023 Dec;37(1):2299568.
doi: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2299568. Epub 2023 Dec 27. PMID: 38151267.
Hubbard, E. M., & Hay, W. W., Jr. The Term Newborn: Hypoglycemia. Clin Perinatol. 2021 48(3), 665–679.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2021.05.013
Wight NE; Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. ABM Clinical Protocol #1: Guidelines for Glucose Monitoring and Treatment of Hypoglycemia in Term and Late Preterm Neonates, Revised 2021. Breastfeed Med. 2021 May;16(5):353-365.
doi: 10.1089/bfm.2021.29178.new. Epub 2021 Apr 7. PMID: 33835840.
Adamkin D. H. Neonatal hypoglycemia. Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine. 2017 22(1), 36–41.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2016.08.007
WHO. Infant and young child feeding. Cited August 9 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding
CDC Nutrition. How Much and How Often to Breastfeed. Cited May 9 2024. Available from:
https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/infantandtoddlernutrition/breastfeeding/how-much-and-how-often.html
Vázquez-Frias,R., Ladino,L., Bagés-Mesa, MC., Hernández-Rosiles,V., Ochoa-Ortiz, E., Alomía,M., Bejarano, R., Boggio-Marzet, C. et al. Consenso de alimentación complementaria de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica: COCO 2023,Rev Gastroenterol Mex, 2023. Volume 88, Issue 1, Pages 57-70, (99) WHO. Infant and young child feeding. Cited August 9, 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Dirección de Promoción y Prevención Subdirección de Salud Nutricional, Alimentos y Bebidas. Lineamiento para formación en Consejería en Lactancia materna y Alimentación Complementaria. 2020.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Improving Young Children’s Diets During the Complementary Feeding Period. UNICEF Programming Guidance. New York: UNICEF, 2020. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/media/93981/file/Complementary-Feeding-Guidance-2020.pdf
Ibrahim, C., Bookari, K., Sacre, Y., Hanna-Wakim, L., & Hoteit, M. Breastfeeding Practices, Infant Formula Use, Complementary Feeding and Childhood Malnutrition: An Updated Overview of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape. Nutrients. 2022 14(19), 4201. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194201
de Onis, M., Onyango, A., Borghi, E., Siyam, A., Blössner, M., Lutter, C., & WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. Worldwide implementation of the WHO Child Growth Standards. Public Health Nutr. 2012 15(9), 1603–1610 .
https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001200105X
Lineamiento para el manejo integrado de la desnutrición aguda moderada y severa en niños y niñas de 0 a 59 meses de edad. Resolucion 2350 de 2020. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/SA/lineamiento-manejo-desnutricion-resolucion-2350.pdf
World Health Organization. (2023). WHO guideline on the prevention and management of wasting and nutritional oedema (acute malnutrition) in infants and children under 5 years. World Health Organization. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/376075. Licencia: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Chong, H. Y., Tan, L. T., Law, J. W., Hong, K. W., Ratnasingam, V., Ab Mutalib, N. S., et al. Exploring the Potential of Human Milk and Formula Milk on Infants' Gut and Health. Nutrients. 2022 14(17), 3554.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173554
Jia Qiao, Li-Jing Dai, Qing Zhang, Yan-Qiong Ouyang, A Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Obesity, Journal of Pediatric Nursing, Volume 53, 2020,
Dewey, K., Bazzano, L., Davis, T., Donovan, S., Taveras, E., Kleinman, R., et al. Güngör. The Duration, Frequency, and Volume of Exclusive Human Milk and/or Infant Formula Consumption and Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review. USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review. 2020
Scherbaum V, Srour ML. The Role of Breastfeeding in the Prevention of Childhood Malnutrition. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2016 115:82-97.
doi: 10.1159/000442075. Epub 2016 May 19. PMID: 27198529.
Ortega-Ramírez, A. D., Maneschy, I. R., Miguel-Berges, M. L., Pastor-Villaescusa, B., Leis, R., Babio, N., et al. Early feeding practices and eating behaviour in preschool children: The CORALS cohort. Matern Child Nutr, 2024. 20, e13672. doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13672
Maranhão HS, Aguiar RC, Lira DTJ, Sales MÚF, Nóbrega NÁDN. Feeding Difficulties in Preschool Children, Previous Feeding Practices, and Nutritional Status. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2017 Oct 30;36(1):7. doi: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;1;00004. PMID: 29091129; PMCID: PMC5849369.
Widström AM, Brimdyr K, Svensson K, Cadwell K, Nissen E. Skin-to-skin contact the first hour after birth, underlying implications and clinical practice. Acta Paediatr. 2019;108(7):1192-1204
Specht, I. O., Rohde, J. F., Olsen, N. J., & Heitmann, B. L. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding may be related to eating behaviour and dietary intake in obesity prone normal weight young children. PloS one. 2018 13(7)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200388
Bravo J, Paulina, Hodgson B, M. Isabel. Trastornos alimentarios del lactante y preescolar. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2011 82(2), 87-92. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0370-41062011000200002
Calzada-León R, Altamirano-Bustamante N, Ruiz-Reyes ML.Reguladores neuroendocrinos y gastrointestinales del apetito y la saciedad. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex.;2018 65(6):468-487.
Saure C, Zonis LN, González Sanguineti X, Kovalskys I. Dificultades alimentarias en la infancia: una revisión narrativa. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2024;122(5):e202310200.
Caba-Flores, M. D., Ramos-Ligonio, A., Camacho-Morales, A., Martínez-Valenzuela, C., Viveros-Contreras, R., & Caba, M. Breast Milk and the Importance of Chrononutrition. Front Nutr. 2022 9, 867507.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.867507
Echeverria, AC. Influencia del patrón de lactancia materna en el desarrollo del sueño en lactantes menores de 3 meses. Trabajo final de maestría. Bogotá. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. 2019. Available from: https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/handle/unal/75861/1085253708.2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Hahn-Holbrook, J., Saxbe, D., Bixby, C., Steele, C., & Glynn, L. Human milk as “chrononutrition”: implications for child health and development. Pediatric Research,2019. 85(7), 936–942. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0368-x
Blair PS, Ball HL, McKenna JJ, Feldman-Winter L, Marinelli KA, Bartick MC; Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. Bedsharing and Breastfeeding: The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol #6, Revision 2019. Breastfeed Med. 2020 Jan;15(1):5-16. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2019.29144.psb. Epub 2020 Jan 7. Erratum in: Breastfeed Med. 2021 Aug;16(8):662. PMID: 31898916.
Zimmerman D, et al. ABM Clinical Protocol #37: Physiological Infant Care-Managing Nighttime Breastfeeding in Young Infants.Breastfeed Med. 2023 Volume 18, Number 3.
DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2023.29236.abm
Galbally M, Lewis AJ, McEgan K, Scalzo K, Islam FA. Breastfeeding and infant sleep patterns: an Australian population study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013 Feb;49(2): E147-52. doi: 10.1111/jpc.12089. Epub 2013 Jan 21. PMID: 23331519.
Brown, A., & Harries, V. Infant sleep and night feeding patterns during later infancy: association with breastfeeding frequency, daytime complementary food intake, and infant weight. Breastfeed Med. 2015 10(5), 246–252.
https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2014.0153
Postnatal care. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2021 Apr 20. PMID: 34197057.
Moon RY; Task Force on Sudden Infant death Syndrome. SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Evidence Base for 2016 Updated Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment. Pediatrics. 2016 Nov;138(5):e20162940. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2940. PMID: 27940805.
Czosnykowska-Łukacka M, Królak-Olejnik B, Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M. Breast Milk Macronutrient Components in Prolonged Lactation. Nutrients. 2018 Dec 3;10(12):1893.
doi: 10.3390/nu10121893. PMID: 30513944; PMCID: PMC6316538.
Czosnykowska-Łukacka M, Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M, Broers B, Królak-Olejnik B. Lactoferrin in Human Milk of Prolonged Lactation. Nutrients. 2019 Oct 2;11(10):2350.
doi: 10.3390/nu11102350. PMID: 31581741; PMCID: PMC6835443.
Ojantausta, O., Pöyhönen, N., Ikonen, R., & Kaunonen, M. Health professionals' competencies regarding breastfeeding beyond 12 months: a systematic review. Int Breastfeed J. 2023 18(1), 55.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-023-00591-z
Cockerham-Colas, L., Geer, L., Benker, K., & Joseph, M. A. Exploring and influencing the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals towards extended breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med. 2012 7(3), 143–150.
https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2011.0027
Munblit, D., Verhasselt, V. Allergy prevention by breastfeeding: possible mechanisms and evidence from human cohorts. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016. October, 16(5):p 427-433. DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000303
Toca, MC., Morais, MB., Vázquez-Frias, R., Becker-Cuevas, DJ., Boggio-Marzet, CG., Delgado-Carbajal, L., et al. Consenso sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición. Rev Gastroenterol Méx. 2022. Volume 87, Issue 2, Pages 235-250, ISSN 0375-0906,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmx.2022.03.007.
Vandenplas Y, Broekaert I, Domellöf M, Indrio F, Lapillonne A, Pienar C, et al. An ESPGHAN position paper on the diagnosis, management and prevention of cow's milk allergy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023 Jul 26. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003897. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37491714.
Rajani, P. S., Martin, H., Groetch, M., & Järvinen, K. M. Presentation and Management of Food Allergy in Breastfed Infants and Risks of Maternal Elimination Diets.J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 8(1), 52–67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.007
Urashima M, Mezawa H, Okuyama M, Urashima T, Hirano D, Gocho N, et al. Primary Prevention of Cow's Milk Sensitization and Food Allergy by Avoiding Supplementation With Cow's Milk Formula at Birth: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2019 Dec 1;173(12):1137-1145.
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3544. PMID: 31633778; PMCID: PMC6806425.
Munblit D, Perkin MR, Palmer DJ, Allen KJ, Boyle RJ. Assessment of Evidence About Common Infant Symptoms and Cow's Milk Allergy. JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Jun 1;174(6):599-608.
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0153. PMID: 32282040.
Keane, A., Lyons, F., Aebi-Popp, K., Feiterna-Sperling, C., Lyall, H., Martínez Hoffart, A., et al. Guidelines and practice of breastfeeding in women living with HIV-Results from the European INSURE survey. HIV medicine. 2024 25(3), 391–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.13583
Powell, A. M., Knott-Grasso, M. A., Anderson, J., Livingston, A., Rosenblum, N., Sturdivant, H., et al. Infant feeding for people living with HIV in high resource settings: a multi-disciplinary approach with best practices to maximize risk reduction. Lancet regional health. Americas. 2023 22, 100509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2023.100509
Prestileo, T., Adriana, S., Lorenza, D. M., & Argo, A. From Undetectable Equals Untransmittable (U=U) to Breastfeeding: Is the Jump Short?.Infect Dis Rep. 2022 14(2), 220–227.
https://doi.org/10.3390/idr14020027
World Health Organization.Guideline: updates on HIV and infant feeding: the duration of breastfeeding, and support from health services to improve feeding practices among mothers living with HIV. 2016
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/246260/9789241549707-eng.pdf?sequence=1
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Fondo de Poblaciones de las Naciones Unidas - UNFPA. Guía de Práctica Clínica basada en la evidencia científica para la atención de la infección por VIH en niñas y niños menores de 13 años de edad. 2014. Colombia. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/GPC-corta-VIH-pediatrica-final.pdf
Bamford A, Foster C, Lyall H. Infant feeding: emerging concepts to prevent HIV transmission. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2024 Feb 1;37(1):8-16. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000986. Epub 2023 Oct 27. PMID: 37889586; PMCID: PMC10734781.
Abuogi L, Noble L, Smith C; COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT HIV; SECTION ON BREASTFEEDING. Infant Feeding for Persons Living with and at Risk for HIV in the United States: Clinical Report. Pediatrics. 2024 Jun 1;153(6):e2024066843. doi: 10.1542/peds.2024-066843. PMID: 38766700.
Panel on Treatment of HIV During Pregnancy and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs During Pregnancy and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. Department of Health and Human Services. 2024. Available at https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal. Accessed oct 2024
Foong, S. C., Tan, M. L., Foong, W. C., Marasco, L. A., Ho, J. J., & Ong, J. H. Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 5(5), CD011505. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011505.pub2
Hussain, N. H. N., Noor, N. M., Ismail, S. B., Zainuddin, N. A., & Sulaiman, Z. Metoclopramide for Milk Production in Lactating Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Korean J Fam Med. 2021 42(6), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0238
Grzeskowiak, L. E., Wlodek, M. E., & Geddes, D. T. What Evidence Do We Have for Pharmaceutical Galactagogues in the Treatment of Lactation Insufficiency? -A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2019 11(5), 974.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050974
B.McBride, G. M., Stevenson, R., Zizzo, G., Rumbold, A. R., Amir, L. H., Keir, A.,et al . Women's experiences with using domperidone as a galactagogue to increase breast milk supply: an australian cross-sectional survey. Int Breastfeed J. 2023 18(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-023-00541-9
Umur N, et al.Investigation of the effect of metoclopramide on proliferation signal molecules in breast tissue. Int J Exp Pathol. 2022 PMID: 35243705
Van Amesfoort, J. E., Van Mello, N. M., & van Genugten, R. Lactation induction in a transgender woman: case report and recommendations for clinical practice. Int Breastfeed J. 2024 19(1), 18.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-024-00624-1
Asztalos, E. V., & Kiss, A. Early Breast Milk Volumes and Response to Galactogogue Treatment. Children (Basel, Switzerland). 2022 9(7), 1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071042
Yuen, M, Hall, OJ, Masters, GA, Nephew, BC, Carr, C, Leung, K, et al. The Effects of Breastfeeding on Maternal Mental Health: A Systematic Review.J Womens Health. 2022 31(6), 787–807.
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2021.0504
Castañón SC, & Pinto LJ.Mejorando la pesquisa de depresión posparto a través de un instrumento de tamizaje, la escala de depresión posparto de Edimburgo [Use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to detect postpartum depression].Rev Med Chil. 2008 136(7), 851–858.
Días, CC, & Figueiredo, B. Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature. J Affect Disord. 2015 171, 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.022.
Chowdhury R, Sinha B, Sankar MJ, Taneja S, Bhandari N, Rollins N, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104(Suppl. 467): 96–113.
McGuire, E, Murray, S, & Duffy, RM. Pregnancy and breastfeeding in mental health policy: a narrative review.Ir J Psychol Med. 2023 40(4), 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2023.32